進階動畫
在上一章中,我們製作了一些基本動畫,並了解了讓物件移動的方法。在這一部分,我們將更深入地探討運動本身,並加入一些物理效果,使我們的動畫更加進階。
繪製一顆球
我們將使用一顆球來進行動畫研究,因此讓我們先將這顆球繪製到畫布上。以下程式碼將為我們設置好環境。
html
<canvas id="canvas" width="600" height="300"></canvas>
如往常一樣,我們需要先取得繪圖上下文。為了繪製球,我們將建立一個 ball
物件,其中包含屬性和一個 draw()
方法,用於將其繪製到畫布上。
js
const canvas = document.getElementById("canvas");
const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
const ball = {
x: 100,
y: 100,
radius: 25,
color: "blue",
draw() {
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(this.x, this.y, this.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, true);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.fillStyle = this.color;
ctx.fill();
},
};
ball.draw();
這裡沒有什麼特別之處,這顆球實際上是一個簡單的圓形,並透過 arc()
方法繪製出來。
加入速度
現在我們有了一顆球,準備加入一個基本動畫,就像我們在本教學的上一章中學到的一樣。同樣地,window.requestAnimationFrame()
幫助我們控制動畫。透過將速度向量加入位置,球開始移動。在每一幀中,我們也會使用 clear 方法清除畫布,以移除前幾幀的舊圓形。
js
const canvas = document.getElementById("canvas");
const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
let raf;
const ball = {
x: 100,
y: 100,
vx: 5,
vy: 2,
radius: 25,
color: "blue",
draw() {
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(this.x, this.y, this.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, true);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.fillStyle = this.color;
ctx.fill();
},
};
function draw() {
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
ball.draw();
ball.x += ball.vx;
ball.y += ball.vy;
raf = window.requestAnimationFrame(draw);
}
canvas.addEventListener("mouseover", (e) => {
raf = window.requestAnimationFrame(draw);
});
canvas.addEventListener("mouseout", (e) => {
window.cancelAnimationFrame(raf);
});
ball.draw();
邊界
如果沒有任何邊界碰撞測試,我們的球很快就會跑出畫布。我們需要檢查球的 x
和 y
位置是否超出畫布的範圍,並反轉速度向量的方向。為此,我們在 draw
方法中加入以下檢查:
js
if (
ball.y + ball.vy > canvas.height - ball.radius ||
ball.y + ball.vy < ball.radius
) {
ball.vy = -ball.vy;
}
if (
ball.x + ball.vx > canvas.width - ball.radius ||
ball.x + ball.vx < ball.radius
) {
ball.vx = -ball.vx;
}
第一個範例
讓我們看看目前的效果。
HTML
html
<canvas id="canvas" style="border: 1px solid" width="600" height="300"></canvas>
JavaScript
js
const canvas = document.getElementById("canvas");
const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
let raf;
const ball = {
x: 100,
y: 100,
vx: 5,
vy: 2,
radius: 25,
color: "blue",
draw() {
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(this.x, this.y, this.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, true);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.fillStyle = this.color;
ctx.fill();
},
};
function draw() {
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
ball.draw();
ball.x += ball.vx;
ball.y += ball.vy;
if (
ball.y + ball.vy > canvas.height - ball.radius ||
ball.y + ball.vy < ball.radius
) {
ball.vy = -ball.vy;
}
if (
ball.x + ball.vx > canvas.width - ball.radius ||
ball.x + ball.vx < ball.radius
) {
ball.vx = -ball.vx;
}
raf = window.requestAnimationFrame(draw);
}
canvas.addEventListener("mouseover", (e) => {
raf = window.requestAnimationFrame(draw);
});
canvas.addEventListener("mouseout", (e) => {
window.cancelAnimationFrame(raf);
});
ball.draw();
結果
將滑鼠移入畫布以開始動畫。
加速度
為了讓運動更加真實,你可以像這樣調整速度:
js
ball.vy *= 0.99;
ball.vy += 0.25;
這會在每一幀中減緩垂直速度,最終使球僅在地板上彈跳。
第二個範例
HTML
html
<canvas id="canvas" style="border: 1px solid" width="600" height="300"></canvas>
JavaScript
js
const canvas = document.getElementById("canvas");
const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
let raf;
const ball = {
x: 100,
y: 100,
vx: 5,
vy: 2,
radius: 25,
color: "blue",
draw() {
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(this.x, this.y, this.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, true);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.fillStyle = this.color;
ctx.fill();
},
};
function draw() {
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
ball.draw();
ball.x += ball.vx;
ball.y += ball.vy;
ball.vy *= 0.99;
ball.vy += 0.25;
if (
ball.y + ball.vy > canvas.height - ball.radius ||
ball.y + ball.vy < ball.radius
) {
ball.vy = -ball.vy;
}
if (
ball.x + ball.vx > canvas.width - ball.radius ||
ball.x + ball.vx < ball.radius
) {
ball.vx = -ball.vx;
}
raf = window.requestAnimationFrame(draw);
}
canvas.addEventListener("mouseover", (e) => {
raf = window.requestAnimationFrame(draw);
});
canvas.addEventListener("mouseout", (e) => {
window.cancelAnimationFrame(raf);
});
ball.draw();
結果
拖尾效果
第三個範例
HTML
html
<canvas id="canvas" style="border: 1px solid" width="600" height="300"></canvas>
JavaScript
js
const canvas = document.getElementById("canvas");
const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
let raf;
const ball = {
x: 100,
y: 100,
vx: 5,
vy: 2,
radius: 25,
color: "blue",
draw() {
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(this.x, this.y, this.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, true);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.fillStyle = this.color;
ctx.fill();
},
};
function draw() {
ctx.fillStyle = "rgb(255 255 255 / 30%)";
ctx.fillRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
ball.draw();
ball.x += ball.vx;
ball.y += ball.vy;
ball.vy *= 0.99;
ball.vy += 0.25;
if (
ball.y + ball.vy > canvas.height - ball.radius ||
ball.y + ball.vy < ball.radius
) {
ball.vy = -ball.vy;
}
if (
ball.x + ball.vx > canvas.width - ball.radius ||
ball.x + ball.vx < ball.radius
) {
ball.vx = -ball.vx;
}
raf = window.requestAnimationFrame(draw);
}
canvas.addEventListener("mouseover", (e) => {
raf = window.requestAnimationFrame(draw);
});
canvas.addEventListener("mouseout", (e) => {
window.cancelAnimationFrame(raf);
});
ball.draw();
結果
加入滑鼠控制
第四個範例
HTML
html
<canvas id="canvas" style="border: 1px solid" width="600" height="300"></canvas>
JavaScript
js
const canvas = document.getElementById("canvas");
const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
let raf;
let running = false;
const ball = {
x: 100,
y: 100,
vx: 5,
vy: 1,
radius: 25,
color: "blue",
draw() {
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(this.x, this.y, this.radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, true);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.fillStyle = this.color;
ctx.fill();
},
};
function clear() {
ctx.fillStyle = "rgb(255 255 255 / 30%)";
ctx.fillRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
}
function draw() {
clear();
ball.draw();
ball.x += ball.vx;
ball.y += ball.vy;
if (
ball.y + ball.vy > canvas.height - ball.radius ||
ball.y + ball.vy < ball.radius
) {
ball.vy = -ball.vy;
}
if (
ball.x + ball.vx > canvas.width - ball.radius ||
ball.x + ball.vx < ball.radius
) {
ball.vx = -ball.vx;
}
raf = window.requestAnimationFrame(draw);
}
canvas.addEventListener("mousemove", (e) => {
if (!running) {
clear();
ball.x = e.clientX;
ball.y = e.clientY;
ball.draw();
}
});
canvas.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
if (!running) {
raf = window.requestAnimationFrame(draw);
running = true;
}
});
canvas.addEventListener("mouseout", (e) => {
window.cancelAnimationFrame(raf);
running = false;
});
ball.draw();
結果
使用滑鼠移動球,並點擊釋放它。